Bajau dan kumpulan yang sama telah menetap di pantai barat dan timur Sabah sejak beberapa ratus tahun dan diiktiraf sebagai penduduk asli dan antara bumiputera terbesar di negeri Ѕabah dan sekitarnya. Mereka bekerja sebagai petani dan nelayan di persisiran pantai barat di samping menunggang kuda dan Bajau di Pantai Timur Ѕabah sebagai nelayan dan penyelam yang mahir.
Orang Bajau merupakan penyelam dan pengutip hasil laut mahir yang menggunakan cara penangkapan tradisional pada masa dahulu. Di Sabah, mereka adalah nelayan yang tinggal di daerahЅemporna sementara di daerah Kota Belud, Papar dan Tuaran mereka adalah nelayan, pesawah dan penternak serta bercucuk tanam. Bajau Кota Вelud pula digelar “Koboi Sabah” mini kerana Bajau sudah lama terkenal dengan penunggang kuda dan menjadi pesawah serta penternak.Pada masa yang sama juga,masyarakat Bajau Pantai Timur Sabah khasnya dari daerah Semporna juga mendapat gelaran istimewa dan unik seperti “sea gypsies,Panglima Dilaut,Pelaut dan Pelayar Terunggul.”
Orang Bajau boleh dibahagikan kepada Orang Bajau Pantai Barat yang menetap di sekitar Putatan, Tuaran, Kota Belud dan Papar. Manakala Orang Bajau Pantai Τimur pula menetap di sekitarΚudat, Ѕandakan, Lahad Datu, Κunak, Semporna dan Tawau.
Bajau yang berasal daripada daerah Kota Belud dan Tuaran pula amat di kenali di seluruh dunia sebagai 'cowboy of the east' kerana kemahiran dan kecekapan mereka dalam menunggang kuda yang tiada tolok tandingnya. Selain mereka pakar dalam pembuatan pedang Samurai yang dipercayai di perturunkan oleh tentera Jepun suatu ketika dahulu kepada kaum Bajau dan Irranun di Kota Belud. Pedang Samurai daripada Kota Belud amat tinggi kualiti dan senang di dapati sehinggakan menjadi tarikan dan cenderamata yang harus di beli oleh para pengunjung yang singgah di Kota Belud.
Orang Bajau Pantai Вarat adalah berbeza dengan Orang Bajau Рantai Timur khususnya daerah Lahad Datu dan Semporna. Dari segi pertuturan, pakaian tradisi, adat resam dan budaya hidup adalah sangat berbeza. Masyarakat Bajau Pantai Barat banyak yang terlibat dengan pertanian sawah padi manakala masyarakat Bajau Semporna terkenal dengan kegiatan penangkapan hasil laut.
Bajau is the name of an ethnic group living in Sabah. They are in fact native to southern Philippines, but due to conflicts in the Sulu Archipelago, many Bajaus have moved to live in Malaysia in the last fifty years, particularly to Sabah, where they are now the second largest ethnic group after the Kadazans, forming 13.4% of the population. The Bajaus have also migrated to Sulawesi and Kalimantan in Indonesia.
English
Bajaus are often called Sea Gypsies, even though this term has also been applied to other non-related ethnic groups that practise a similar lifestyle elsewhere in the region. Just like the term Kadazan-Dusun, the term Bajau is also an umbrella term to describe several groups of closely related peoples. They share close similarity to the Sama people, so much so that there is also the term Sama-Bajau people. The one difference is that the Sama people are more likely to dwell inland whereas the Bajaus are sea-oriented, living in boats and leading a nomadic lifestyle. However, in this modern age, the traditional differences are fast fading.
The Sama-Bajau peoples speak ten closely related languages or dialects which are within the Sama-Bajau subgroup. The Bajaus themselves do not call themselves Bajau, but refer themselves to their own subgroups, usually related to the name of the places where they live. It is most likely that the British administrators who give the term Bajau to this group of people. In the same way, the British labelled the Samah people Bajaus, and entered that as their race on their birth certificates. Many Bajaus are beginning to identify themselves as Malay, so as to gain access to the special privileges accorded to Malays. This is especially true of the many illegal Filipino immigrants.
Traditionally, Bajaus are nomadic, seafaring people. They either live on stilt houses over water, or directly in boats called lepa-lepa. The boat-dwelling Bajaus spend their whole time in their hand-made boats, coming ashore only on special occasions such as for funerals.
Many Filipinos who are illegal immigrants in Sabah are from the Bajau ethnic group. This includes the huge settlement of illegal immigrants on Pulau Gaya. Most Bajaus are Muslims adhering to Sunni Islam of the Shafi'i school. The Bajau subgroups include the Ubian, Samah/Sama, Simunal, Samal, Banadan, Tando' Bas, Ungus Matata, Tolen, Palao, Tabawan, Banguingui and Sikubung.
English
Bajaus are often called Sea Gypsies, even though this term has also been applied to other non-related ethnic groups that practise a similar lifestyle elsewhere in the region. Just like the term Kadazan-Dusun, the term Bajau is also an umbrella term to describe several groups of closely related peoples. They share close similarity to the Sama people, so much so that there is also the term Sama-Bajau people. The one difference is that the Sama people are more likely to dwell inland whereas the Bajaus are sea-oriented, living in boats and leading a nomadic lifestyle. However, in this modern age, the traditional differences are fast fading.
The Sama-Bajau peoples speak ten closely related languages or dialects which are within the Sama-Bajau subgroup. The Bajaus themselves do not call themselves Bajau, but refer themselves to their own subgroups, usually related to the name of the places where they live. It is most likely that the British administrators who give the term Bajau to this group of people. In the same way, the British labelled the Samah people Bajaus, and entered that as their race on their birth certificates. Many Bajaus are beginning to identify themselves as Malay, so as to gain access to the special privileges accorded to Malays. This is especially true of the many illegal Filipino immigrants.
Traditionally, Bajaus are nomadic, seafaring people. They either live on stilt houses over water, or directly in boats called lepa-lepa. The boat-dwelling Bajaus spend their whole time in their hand-made boats, coming ashore only on special occasions such as for funerals.
Many Filipinos who are illegal immigrants in Sabah are from the Bajau ethnic group. This includes the huge settlement of illegal immigrants on Pulau Gaya. Most Bajaus are Muslims adhering to Sunni Islam of the Shafi'i school. The Bajau subgroups include the Ubian, Samah/Sama, Simunal, Samal, Banadan, Tando' Bas, Ungus Matata, Tolen, Palao, Tabawan, Banguingui and Sikubung.
Malay
Kadazan ialah kelompok etnik bumiputera bagi negeri Sabah di Malaysia. Kebanyakan mereka tinggal di sebelah pantai barat Sabah, namun terdapat juga di kawasan pedalaman. Disebabkan kesamaan dalam budaya dan bahasa dengan orang Dusun, dan juga atas sebab inisiatif politik, istilah baharu "Kadazan-Dusun" diwujudkan bagi menggabungkan mereka. Bersama, mereka merupakan kelompok etnik terbesar di Sabah.
Agama
Agama orang-orang Kadazan dahulu adalah "animisme". Sekarang, kebanyakan telah bertukar agama kepada Kristian dan Islam. Majoriti orang-orang Kadazan yang beragama Kristian adalah "Katolik".
The Kadazans are an ethnic group indigenous to the state of Sabah in Malaysia. They are found mainly at Penampang on the west coast of Sabah, the surrounding locales, and various locations in the interior. Due to similarities in culture and language with the Dusun ethnic group, and also because of other political initiatives, a new unified term called "Kadazan-dusun" was created. Collectively, they form the largest ethnic group in Sabah.
English
While Kadazan was an official designation for this ethnic group, it is widely believed that the term itself was a political derivative that came into existence in the late 1950s to early 1960s. No proper historical record exists pertaining to the origins of the term or its originator. However, an article written by Richard Tunggolou[1] on this matter may shed some light. According to Tunggolou, most of the explanations of the meanings and origins of the word ‘Kadazan’ assumed that the word was of recent origin, specifically in the late 1950s and early 1960s. He says that some people have theorized that the term originates from the word ‘kakadazan’ (towns) or ‘kedai’ (shops), and from the claim that Kadazan politicians such as the late Datuk Peter J. Mojuntin coined the term.
However, there is evidence that the term has been used long before the 1950s. Owen Rutter, in his book, The Pagans Of North Borneo, published in 1929, wrote: “The Dusun usually describes himself generically as a tulun tindal (landsman) or, on the West Coast, particularly at Papar, as a Kadazan.” (page 31). Rutter worked in Sabah for five years as District Officer in all five residencies and left Sabah with the onset of the First World War. This means that he started working in Sabah from 1910 and left Sabah in 1914. We can therefore safely say that the word ‘Kadazan’ was already in existence before any towns or shops were built in the Penampang district and that Kadazan politicians did not invent the word in the late fifties and early sixties. The Bobolians or the Bobohizans of Borneo was interviewed to seek better picture of the true meaning of the term "Kadazan", a Lotud Bobolian was asked what is the meaning of Kadazan or kadayan? Kadazan means "the people of the land". The Bobohizan from Penampang was also interviewed seeking the real meaning of Kadazan, The Bobohizan Dousia Moujing confirmed that the Kadazan has always been used to describe the real people of the Land; Kadazan means "the people of the land". That confirmed what Rutter (1929) had described about the existence of term Kadazan. Thus,the word "Kadazan" actually not derived from the word "kedai" (meaning "shops" in Malay). Over a hundred years, the people of Kadazans were ruled by the Brunei Sultanate; the Kadazan or Kadayan (in Lotud, Marangang, Liwan etc.)were being addressed by the Sultanate as being the "Orang Dusun" which means "the People of the Orchard" Because in Malay, Dusun means Orchard Farm. Thus administratively the Kadazans are called "Orang Dusun" by the Sultanate (Tax-Collector) but in reality the people that was called "Orang Dusun" are in fact Kadazan. An account of this fact was written by the first census made by the North Borneo Company in Sabah, 1881. Administratively all Kadazans are called Dusun as their ethnic identity. Only through the establishment of KCA (Kadazan Cultural Association) in 1960, this terminology was corrected and replaced into Kadazan. When Sabah formed Malaysia together with Sarawak, Singapore and the Peninsular Malaysia in 1963, under the newly form nation of Malaysia, administratively all "Orang Dusun" born after the Malaysia formation is called Kadazan as their ethnic origin.
There were no conflict with regards to Kadazan as the identity of the "Orang Dusun" between 1963 to 1984. But in 1985 through the KDCA (formally called KCA) the Dusun was once again being introduced after much pressures received from the various parties with one reason to divide the Kadazan and the "Orang Dusun" once again. As the division has been established and successful, the fall of the ruling government (PBS)was accomplished. PBS through the KCA then, finally coined in the new term to represent the "Orang Dusun" and "Kadazan" as Kadazandusun. Press released (Sabah Times and Daily Express) by various parties; argued that it should not be Kadazandusun but Dusunkadazan! Leaders in Singapore and the Peninsular Malaysia until today acknowledges the people as Kadazan and not Dusun. The ex- Prime Minister of Singapore addressed the ethnic group in Sabah as the Kadazans, and many leaders of Malaysia
Kadazan culture is heavily influenced by the farming of rice, culminating in various delicacies and alcoholic drinks prepared through differing home-brewed fermentation processes. Toomis and linutau are the main rice wine variants served and consumed in Kadazan populated areas, and are a staple of Kadazan social gatherings and ceremonies.
The most important festival of the Kadazans is the Kaamatan or harvest festival, where the spirit of the paddy is honoured after a year's harvest. This takes place in May, and the two last days of the month are public holidays throughout Sabah. During the celebration, the most celebrated event is the crowning of the 'unduk ngadau' or harvest queen, where native Kadazandusuns girls throughout the state compete for the coveted crown. The beauty pageant is held to commemorate the spirit of 'Huminodon', a mythological character of unparalleled beauty said to have given her life in exchange for a bountiful harvest for her community.
In marriages, dowries are paid to the bride's family and an elaborate negotiation is arranged between the groom and bride's families. As a traditional gesture of politeness and civility, the dowry is metaphorically laid out with match sticks on a flat surface, with a representative from each side pushing and pulling the sticks across a boundary to denote the bargaining of the dowry. Dowries traditionally consisted of water buffaloes, pigs, sacks of rice and even urns of tapai. Modern dowry negotiations also include cash and land ownership deeds. Kadazan women from the Penampangand Dusun women from Keningau Ranau and Tuaran areas are widely regarded to have the most expensive dowries.
While it is traditionally customary for Kadazans to marry within a village or a neighbouring village, a change of xenophobic attitudes over the past few decades has eased the difficulty once associated with inter-racial marriage. The Kadazans have a particularly good affinity with the local Chinese and this has resulted in the coinage of the term Sino-Kadazan, which is a phrase used to describe the half Kadazan, half Chinese offspring of such unions. Due to the overwhelming Christian influence, marriage to Muslim spouses, which results in a mandatory conversion to Islam, still induces outrage and rejection, and is known to divide fiercely traditional Kadazans. Of late, Islam has been embraced by a growing minority as a means to political ends considering the fact that the local Malay minority has gained political ascendance in recent years. Ruling Malay political parties have also openly been giving political and economical privileges to Kadazans who agree to convert to Islam as well as to Kadazans with other religions such as Buddhist and Pagan.
Malay
Kaum Murut menetap di pedalaman dan kawasan tenggara Sabah serta wilayah perbatasan antara Kalimantan dan Sarawak. Suku kaum Murut adalah suku kaum ketiga terbesar di Sabah.
Tempat tinggal mereka termasuk Tenom, Kemabong, Pensiangan dan Keningau. Dahulu mereka tinggal di dalam rumah panjang dan hidup harmoni dalam keluarga besar. Kebanyakan mereka adalah petani berpindah, pemburu dan penangkap ikan sungai. Mereka juga mejalankan pemungutan hasil hutan(damar, rotan dan madu lebah).Pada masa kini kaum murut sudah ada yang berkhidmat dalam sektor awam dalam bidang pendidikan, kesihatan dan pertahanan.
Perkataan ‘Murut’ merujuk kepada kumpulan penduduk yang tinggal di lereng bukit atau tanah tinggi di Pedalaman Sabah. Murut terdapat di beberapa kawasan seperti Keningau, Tenom, Pensiangan, Sipitang, Kalabakan dan Kinabatangan. Kaum Murut terbahagi kepada Murut Tahol atau Tagal, Tidung, Timugon, Sembakung, Paluan, Bookan, Kalabakan,dan Murut Serundung. Dimana kaum Murut mewakili sebanyak 2.9% daripada penduduk di Sabah iaitu lebih kurang 50,000 orang. Suku kaum Murut juga terdapat di Brunei, Sarawak dan sempadan Kalimantan. Kaum Murut mempunyai bahasa tersendiri yang berbeza dengan suku kaum Murut yang lain. Ini disebabkan faktor geografi sebagai penghalang dalam komunikasi bahasa mereka.
Secara uniknya, kaum Murut tinggal di rumah panjang yang berhampiran dengan kawasan sungai atau membuat penempatan sepanjang sungai. Mereka tinggal di dalam rumah panjang yang menempatkan 10 hingga 20 keluarga. Tetapi terdapat juga kaum Murut yang tinggal dan membina penempatan secara individu di sepanjang sungai. Suku kaum Murut pakar dalam membuat perahu dan menurunkan kepakaran mereka kepada generasi seterusnya. Selain itu kaum Murut pakar dalam berburu dan masih mengamalkan tradisi bertatu seperti kaum Iban di Sarawak tetapi tradisi ini semakin kurang di lakukan oleh generasi muda suku kaum ini.
Kaum Murut juga menyambut perayaan seperti Hari Raya, Hari Krismas, Tahun Baru, Majlis harijadi, pengembumian dan Pesta Kalimaran dan lain-lain. Pesta Kalimaran ialah pesta sama seperti kaum kadazan-Dusun yang menyambut pesta Kaamatan. Ia di sambut selepas mereka menuai padi. Kaum Murut masa kini, telah mengalami proses kemodenan dan ramai yang berkerja sebagai kakitangan kerajaan dan bukan kerajaan. Mereka juga tinggal di bandar-bandar besar dan mempunyai pekerjaan profsional. Namun demikian, Kaum Murut ini masih lagi mengamalkan adat istiadat yang diamalkan oleh nenek moyang mereka sebagai adat turun temurun yang mempunyai nilai estetika tinggi dalam kehidupan.[1]
Terdapat adat istiadat kaum Murut yang masih kekal sehingga kini iaitu adat istiadat semasa upacara perkahwinan. Upacara perkahwinan orang Murut terutamanya Murut Tahol atau Tagal adalah sangat unik kerana upacara perkahwinan yang diamalkan penuh dengan adat dan berlangsung di rumah panjang dalam masa yang lama. Adat seperti tina’uh atau Bului dan ‘barian sampai mati’ masih diamalkan hingga kini. Adat ‘tina’uh’ adalah adat yang paling tertinggi dalam adat istiadat perkahwinan kaum Murut Tahol atau Tagal. Adat tina’uh adalah adat hantaran mas kahwin atau barangan perkahwinan yang terakhir oleh pengantin lelaki kepada pengantin perempuan. Adat Tina’uh ini boleh dilakukan selepas 20 atau 30 tahun selepas perkahwinan mereka. Adat ini boleh juga dilakukan semasa perkahwinan berlangsung dan mengikut kemahuan serta kemampuan pihak pengantin lelaki. Semasa membuat adat tina’uh terdapat beberapa upacara yang perlu dilakukan. Adat ‘barian sampai mati’ juga adalah adat kaum Murut yang sangat unik dan menjadi adat turun-temurun dalam perkahwinan.Hanya murut dari etnik Tahol saja pernah mengamalkan barian sampai mati, tetapi pada masa ini adat tersebut sudah tidak diamalkan oleh kerana arus pemodenan yang berlaku kepada kaum Murut.[1]
Dahulu mereka mempercayai amalan animisme iaitu setiap batu, pokok, sungai, dan bukit mempunyai roh tersendiri. Menurut kepercayaan mereka, Aki Kopuno adalah kuasa ghaib yang mencipta segala-galanya yang berada di bumi, termasuk orang.Kini,kebanyakan suku kaum Murut majoritinya beragama kristian.
Ini merupakan tarian tradisi suku kaum Murut Timugon dari daerah Tenom. Magunatip berasal dari perkataan ‘apit’ yang bermakna jepit (ketika menari kaki penari terjepit atau terapit oleh 2 buluh jikalau tidak cekap mengelakkannya).
Magunatip ditarikan dalam majlis Hari Magginakan yang memuja semangat padi. Biasanya tarian ini tidak memerlukan iringan muzik kerana bunyi buluh yang dilagakan akan berbunyi kuat serta rentak dan irama menarik. Ini ditarikan oleh sepasang penari yang berpakaian tradisi. Dua orang akan melagakan alu dan dua orang lagi memegang pangkal alu supaya tidak berganjak dari kedudukannya. Tarian Magunatip bertujuan untuk memeriahkan sesuatu upacara yang diadakan
Pakaian wanita
- Pinongkolo
Pakaian tradisi bagi wanita yang terdiri daripada baju dan gaun yang panjang berwarna hitam, dan dihiasi dengan manik-manik. Baju yang dihiasi itu dipanggil babaru linantian dan gaun tersebut pula tapi’ linantian.
- Pipirot
Tali pinggang yang berbentuk syiling perak iaitu pipirot linggit dihiasi dengan pelbagai manik-manik yang terkenal seperti aki-aki, nampalur, kotos, bungkas, aki’ dan olod.
- Salupai
Hiasan kepala yang dihiasi dengan manik-manik.
- Sinikot
Tiga set pin rambut yang dihiasi dengan sinikot tataun di bahagian tengah dan dua sinikot surai di kedua-dua bahagian sanggul. Sinikot tataun mempunyai tali yang panjang dan dihiasi dengan manik-manik.
- Rarangkol
Rantai yang terdiri daripada beberapa jenis manik seperti bungkas, kotos, aki’ pangungupu’, bulul, olod dan sebagainya.
- Holong
Beberapa pasang gelang yang diperbuat daripada kulit kerang yang besar dipanggil holong sulou.
[sunting]Pakaian lelaki
- Babaru puputul
Kulit kayu. Kulit kayu tersebut didapati daripada pokok puputul (Artocarpus Kunstleri). Ia dipotong mengikut kepanjangan yang sesuai dengan fesyen jaket tanpa lengan dan cawat. Sabut daripada daun nenas juga digunakan dan dihiasi dengan motif manik-manik buatan tangan yang sederhana.
- Aba puputul
Cawat sekurang-kurangnya sepanjang dua meter yang dibuat daripada isi kulit kayu dari pokok puputul. Kain yang melepasi antara kedua-dua kaki dan dililit di sekeliling pinggang.
- Tupi'sinulatan
Perhiasan kepala yang diperbuat daripada kulit pokok kayu yang dihiasi dengan bulu-bulu sebaik-baiknya daripada tuwou (Argus Pheasant) atau sepasang sinikot.
[sunting]Motif
Sebahagian daripada bentuk motif yang terdapat pada pakaian tradisional Murut:[2]
- Sinusu'
- Bulu burung merak.
- Inimburu
- Corak berbentuk lintah.
- Inakaang
- Daun daripada pokok puputul yang disusun bersilang-silang dalam satu barisan.
- Sinuli
- Beberapa bilah buluh yang disusun secara bertingkat.
- Kalayam manuk
- Corak berbentuk kaki ayam.
- Sinusulou
- Corak berbentuk sulou (sulou= kerang yang besar).
- Mato nu orou
- Corak berbentuk matahari.
- Corak berbentuk matahari.
The Murut were the last of Sabah's ethnic groups to renounce headhunting. As with the Iban of Sarawak, collecting heads of enemies traditional served a very important role in Murut spiritual beliefs. For example, a man could only get married after he presented at least one head to the family of the desired girl.
The Murut were shifting cultivators of hill padi and tapioca, supplementing their diet with blowpipe hunting and with some fishing. They live in communallonghouses, usually near rivers, using the rivers as their highways. Most have now converted to Christianity, with about a fifth of the population being Muslims. However they still maintain their culture.
Traditional dress for men was a jacket made of tree bark (Artocarpus tamaran), a red loincloth, and a headdress decorated with Argus pheasantfeathers. Women wore a black sleeveless blouse and sarong, which fell just below the knees. Like most of the other indigenous groups in Sabah, the Murut decorated their clothing with distinctive beadwork and also made belts out of old silver coins. Another belt made of reddish-brown glass beads plus yellow and blue beads was hung loosely around the waist.
Murut wedding or funeral feasts can last several days. Ancient Chinese jars hold a prominent status in Murut customs. Jars are also a place of spirits, and larger jars were formerly used as coffins.
The Murut have a musical heritage consisting of various types of agung ensembles - ensembles composed of large hanging, suspended or held, bossed/knobbed gongs which act as drone without any accompanying melodic instrument.[3][4]
Murut also used bamboo as a music, using bamboo to compose a songs. Some instrument of music like tangkung (Similar to a guitar although it only has 2 strings) was made from wood. Tangkung usually played when their leisure time.
Malay
Rungus merupakan salah satu dari suku kaum di Sabah dan juga merupakan salah satu penduduk asli kepulauan Borneo. Rungus biasanya dikenali sebagai Dayak Dusun, Dayak Laut,Momogun, Momogun Rungus, Momogun Laut, Dusun Laut atau Rungus. "Rungus" berasal dari perkataan Rungsud iaitu nenek moyang suku kaum Rungus yang berhijrah dari kawasan Nunuk Ragang ke pesisiran pantai di Semenanjung Kudat, Teluk Marudu, Pitas, Beluran dan Telupid. [1]
Aki Rungsud merupakan seorang tokoh Momogun Laut yang membuka kawasan Kudat-Bandau pada zaman dahulu. Istilah penggunaan nama [Momogun] [2]adalah merujuk kepada nama bangsa suku kaum Rungus sendiri. Menurut legenda Momogun Rungus, Aki Rungsud adalah tokoh yang membuka kawasan Bandau-Kudat sebagai kawasan perdagangan barter yang terbesar di rantau Semenanjung Berungus dan Teluk Bandau Borneo pada zaman dahulu. Teluk Bandau merupakan sebuah pusat perdagangan Momogun Rungus Kuno. Barangan yang didagangkan di teluk Bandau ialah ubi kayu, pisang, jagung, labu, hasil-hasil hutan, kain tenunan Rungus dan sebagainya. Sumber lisan pula menyebutkan bahawa istilah RUNGUS bagi etnik Rungus di Kudat berasal daripada perkataan Bahasa Bajau dan Bahasa Suluk iaitu dari kata "UNGUS" yang ertinya dalam bahasa Malaysia adalah PASIR. Orang-orang Bajau dan Suluk di daerah Kudat telah membawa orang-orang TAGBANUA atau IRAAN atau IDAAN iaitu Suku Orang Bukit dari Kepulauan Palawan di Filipina.Orang-orang IRAAN atau orang bukit ini mempunyai bau badan seakan-akan pasir hamis di pantai. Mereka telah dibawa ke kawasan Kudat dan akhirnya dikenali sebagai IRAAN RUNGUS. Kata Rungus bererti BERBAU SEPERTI PASIR YANG HAMISJusteru inilah suku kaum Rungus hanya terdapat di daerah Kudat dan terlalu sedikit bilangannya. Pada hari ini,secara politiknya semua suku-suku Momogun di Sabah dihimpunkan dalam kategori Kaum Kadazandusun-Murut (KDM). Rungus merupakan salah satu sub kumpulan yang tergolong dalam kelompok kaum Kaum Kadazan-Dusun. Berdasarkan penelitian seni arkitektur dan bahasa suku kaum Momogun Rungus, ia dengan jelas menunjukkan bahawa masyarakat Momogun Rungus mempunyai kesamaan dengan sistem kebudayaan Dayak. Dayak adalah istilah khusus bagi penduduk Asli di Kepulauan Borneo.
Masyarakat Momogun Rungus berdagang dengan pihak luar seperti Sulu dan Brunei untuk mendapatkan barangan logam, barangan tembaga cina, tembikar cina, kain cina dan sebagainya. Momogun Rungus mempunyai adat berdagang sendiri yang mana para pedagang dari luar tidak dibenarkan menggali tanah lebih dari "Duvo Lzangod" iaitu dua kaki. Para pedagang luar tidak boleh sama sekali menebang hutan atau membuka sesebuah kawasan sama ada untuk penternakan atau pun membuka ladang. Ini kerana perbuatan ini melanggar hukum-hakam agama[Labus][3] (disebut Lzabvus) bangsa Momogun Rungus. Sistem kesukuan Momogun Rungus ini merupakan satu sistem yang berdaulat pada zaman itu. Hal ini kerana secara tradisinya Semenanjung Kudat dan Teluk Bandau telah berkurun lamanya dipertahankan oleh suku kaum Momogun Rungus.
Dengan meninjau nama-nama pesisir pantai di sekeliling Semenanjung Berungus ini, dapat dibuktikan bahawa ia mempunyai sejarah tersendiri bagaimana sesuatu perkampungan pesisir pantai itu mendapat nama. Nama-nama pesisir pantai sekitar Kudat seperti Andarason, Vingolzon, Torongkungan, Bvadarag, Andab, Sampang Mangazou, Golzom, Milzobong, Pantai dan lain-lain lagi adalah merujuk kepada sejarah-sejarah ketika zaman perang di mana komuniti Momogun Rungus mempertahankan perkampungan mereka pada ketika itu.
Momogun Rungus yang mendiami kawasan Kudat, Kota Marudu dan Pitas adalah terdiri daripada beberapa sub suku iaitu:
- Rungus Kirangavan
- Rungus Pilzapazan
- Rungus Gandahon
- Rungus Gonsomon
- Rungus Nulzuw
- Rungus Tupak atau Rungus Melobong
Momogun Rungus di luar daerah seperti yang disebutkan diatas adalah dikenali sebagai:
- Rungus Piromitan
- Rungus Tindal-Sondot
English
As with most indigenous ethnic groups in Borneo, culture revolves around rice; however, coconut and banana groves provide cash income. Women weave cloth on backstrap looms, and make containers from vine or beadwork. Many Rungus now work in town, and have abandoned the communal life of the longhouse for modern Malaysian society. Traditionally animist, with female shamans, most Rungus are now Christian
Considered one of the most traditional ethnic groups in Sabah, many Rungus live in longhouses, with each family having its own separate quarters off a common hall. At the edge of the communal hall, a well-ventilated platform of split bamboo with outward sloping walls provides a place for socializing and communal work. The Rungus longhouse is quite different from the Murut longhouse. The houses are not perched on high stilts, but are usually only three to five feet above ground. The roof is low, and the walls are outward sloped. In olden times, longhouses of over 75 doors are said to have been common. Now, they rarely exceed 10 doors. Usually single story, more modern two-story versions of the longhouse also exist. Single family houses are sometimes built near the longhouse – these take the same form, but are curiously short, looking like a slice from a cake.
The traditional Rungus dress is black, often with hundreds or even thousands of dollars worth of antique beads. Traditionally all Rungus women wore heavybrass coils around their arms, legs and necks. Brass arm coils are often accompanied by white and coral shell bracelets. Rings of brass may also be worn around the waist.
This beadwork and its designs easily distinguish the Rungus from the other ethnic groups of Sabah. "The beadwork often tells a story and this one in particular tells of a man going spear-hunting for a riverine creature" (Benggon 1992:14). The pinakol consists of a pair of flat beaded bandoleer-type belts worn crossed over the chest and back.
The sandang is a pair of long beaded strands, mostly with matching beads. These are worn crossed over the chest like the pinakol. The sullau is a flat beaded choker worn around the neck with two clamshell discs, one in front and one in back. Small bells are attached in the front. They make the discs out of plastic nowaday The tinggot is a short choker, either single beaded or with narrow beadwork. Men and women wear these. The togkul is a necklace some 26 inches (66 cm) long with beads similar to the sandang but smaller and worn around the neck. The sisingal is a narrow beaded band worn around the head. The rampai is made of cotton, flowers and beads worked into the hair. The orot. "Little brass rings and antique beads looped through thin strands of stripped bark (togung) becomes a wide and colorful hipband. To wear this the orot is slowly and carefully coiled around the hip. Then a last string of beads (Llobokon) is hung loosely from the coil. The orot is hand made by the Rungus men as the technique is known only to them." (Benggon 1992:14)
The bobolizan originates with the Tuaran Lotud group of Sabah, but according to Rose Sabala sometimes Rungus wear bobolizan to talk to spirits in the old language.
There are also sad'ang, earrings that sometimes have beads attached.
Many of the beads used by the Rungus are plastic and glass imitations of older heirloom beads. Adrian said that his grandmother uses plastic spoons, heating them over a flame and winding the hot plastic onto a metal rod to make yellow beads.
Malay
Bangsa Kedayan merupakan salah satu bangsa yang menetap di Kepulauan Borneo. Dipercayai berasal dari Brunei dan berhijrah ke Sabah, Sarawak dan Labuan. Di Miri Sarawak, kebanyakan bangsa Kedayan menetap di daerah Bekenu. Selain itu, bangsa Kedayan juga boleh ditemui di daerah Limbang dan Lawas, Sarawak; Sipitang dan Kuala Penyu, Sabah; dan Labuan. Bahasayang digunakan ialah Bahasa Kedayan ("bahasa de facto" Brunei).
Sebahagian kaum Kedayan di Labuan bukannya orang pantai, dan cenderung menetap di kawasan pedalaman. Manakala sebahagian yang lain lagi menetap berhampiran pantai. Rumah-rumah di kampung dibina agak dekat antara satu sama lain, mengikut pola kelompok, dengan taman-taman bercabang. Kaum Kedayan-Brunei menjadi penduduk majoriti dan memegang kuasa politik di pulau bebas cukai itu.
Kedayan merupakan bangsa campuran Orang Jawa dan Masyarakat Melayu Brunei yang mana peristiwa Sultan Brunei Ke 5 iaitu Sultan Bolkiah (1473-1521) yang rajin singgah di tanahnusantara seperti di kepulauan Jawa, Sumatra, Kalimantan dan termasuklah Di tanah Filipina. Dan di tanah Jawa Baginda dapat melihat aktiviti orang Jawa yang rajin bercucuk tanam dan berpadi dan mereka ini dikenali dengan jadi bertanam (hasil tangan mereka yang banyak membuahkan hasil), maka baginda segera menawarkan mereka untuk menetap di Brunei. Setelah di Brunei banyak aktiviti pertanian dibuat dengan giat dan banyak hasilnya lalu Baginda memberikan hadiah. Di sinilah bermulanya ikatan pertalian dan persaudaraan orang Jawa melalui perkahwinan campur dengan Masyarakat Melayu Brunei sehingga pada masa kini puak kedayan banyak menetap di Daerah Temburong, Tutong, Belait dan Brunei dan Muara (Jerudong). Dan kemudian berpindah-rendah ada yang menetap di Sabah dan di Sarawak.
Bahasa Kedayan merupakan satu dialek bahasa Melayu. Abjad bahasa Kedayan hanya terdiri daripada 18 huruf, seperti berikut:
Kecuali dipengaruhi oleh bahasa Melayu yang dipelajari oleh orang-orang Kedayan sebagai lingua franca, vokal o dan e hampir tidak wujud dalam perbendaharaan kata bahasa Kedayan. Umpamanya:
- besar = basaa
- otak = utak
- bola = bula.
Vokal o hanya wujud sebagai gandingan kepada konsonan r, umpamanya taloo untuk 'telur', dengan o berfungsi sebagai konsonan gantian. Konsonan bahasa Melayu yang ditinggalkan oleh bahasa Kedayan ialah f, q, r, v, z ( x tidak wujud dalam abjad bahasa Melayu). Bagaimanapun, ketinggalan konsonan r merupakan satu huruf paling nyata. Bergantung kepada bunyi dan gandingan huruf, perkataan bahasa Kedayan akan berbunyi seperti berikut:
- r = aa; umpamanya besar = basaa
- r = ii; fikir = pikii
- r = oo atau r = uu; telur = taloo atau taluu
- r = ing
- air = aing.
Kecuali ketika mengikut dasar sistem ejaan bahasa Melayu yang menetapkan bahawa semua perkataan pinjaman perlu sedapat-dapatnya mengekalkan bunyinya, bahasa Kedayan hanya menggunakan 18 huruf yang tersebut.[1]
English
The Kedayan are an ethnic group residing in Brunei, Labuan, Sabah, and parts of Sarawak on the island of Borneo. They are also known as Kadayan, Kadaian or simply badly spelled asKadyan by British. The Kedayan language (ISO 639-3: kxd) is the de facto national language of Brunei. It is spoken by more than 130,000 people in Brunei, 46,500 in Sabah and 37,000 in Sarawak. In Sabah they are mainly live in Sipitang, Labuan, Beaufort and Kuala Penyu. In Sarawak, Kedayans mostly reside in Lawas, Limbang, Miri and Sibuti area. Indigenous people in Kutai, Kalimantan (Indonesia) share more than 90% similarity with Kedayan language although they do not called themselves as Kedayan. Kedayan and Banjarese is somehow related in term of language.
The origins of Kedayans are somewhat uncertain, with some Kedayans claiming to have Javanese origins. However, most researchers consider them indigenous to Borneo, having accepted Islamand influenced by Malay culture, after the establishment of the Sultanate of Brunei. Historically, the Kedayan people have occasionally rebelled against control (taxation) by the Brunei nobles.
Kedayan are mainly padi farmers or fishermen. They have a reputation for knowledge of medicinal plants, which they grow to treat a wide range of ailments or to make tonics.
The Kedayan tend to settle inland in a cluster pattern, with houses built in the center and with fields radiating outwards. The Kedayans traditionally tended to be a rather closed community, discouraging contact with outsiders. Intermarriage among relatives was encouraged for economic and social reasons. As Kedayan do not follow Islamic inheritance laws, women are entitled to own land. If the husband dies, his property goes to the wife, but only as an administrator. She cannot sell the land without the permission of their children. When she dies, the children equally divided the property, regardless of sex or age. Sometimes the excess land is transferred free to friends or relatives if they are landless.
The Kedayan wedding ceremony is similar to that of the Bruneians Malays, with the difference that the bride is seated surrounded by candles and decorations, and the older folk will go up to her one at a time, and mark her forehead with powdered spices, similar to the Bajau practice. Aduk-Aduk is a ceremonial dance performed by the Kedayan people during holidays, especially at the end of the harvest season.
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